Listening actively to spoken English in a range of social and academic contexts.

Demonstrate comprehension of oral presentations and discussions on familiar social and academic topics by asking and answering questions, with prompting and substantial support.

Demonstrate comprehension of oral presentations and discussions on a variety of social and academic topics by asking and answering questions that show thoughtful consideration of the ideas or arguments, with moderate support.

Demonstrate comprehension of oral presentations and discussions on a variety of social and academic topics by asking and answering detailed and complex questions that show thoughtful consideration of the ideas or arguments, with light support.

Adapting language choices to various contexts (based on task, purpose, audience, and text type).

Adjust language choices according to the context (e.g., classroom, community) and audience (e.g., peers, teachers).

Adjust language choices according to the context (e.g., classroom, community), purpose (e.g., to persuade, to provide arguments or counterarguments), task, and audience (e.g., peers, teachers, guest lecturer).

Adjust language choices according to the task (e.g., group presentation of research projects), context (e.g., classroom, community), purpose (e.g., to persuade, to provide arguments or counterarguments), and audience (e.g., peers, teachers, college recruiter).

Offering and justifying opinions, negotiating with and persuading others in communicative exchanges.

Negotiate with or persuade others in conversations using learned phrases (e.g., Would you say that again? I think . . .), as well as open responses to express and defend opinions.

Negotiate with or persuade others in conversations (e.g., to provide counterarguments) using a growing number of learned phrases (I see your point, but . . .) and open responses to express and defend nuanced opinions.

Negotiate with or persuade others in conversations in appropriate registers (e.g., to acknowledge new information in an academic conversation but then politely offer a counterpoint) using a variety of learned phrases, indirect reported speech (e.g., I heard you say X, and I haven't thought about that before. However . . .), and open responses to express and defend nuanced opinions.

Interacting with others in written English in various communicative forms (print, communicative technology, & multimedia).

Collaborate with peers to engage in short, grade-appropriate written exchanges and writing projects, technology as appropriate.

Collaborate with peers to engage in increasingly complex grade-appropriate written exchanges and writing projects, using technology as appropriate.

Collaborate with peers to engage in a variety of extended written exchanges and complex grade-appropriate writing projects, using technology as appropriate.

Exchanging information and ideas with others through oral collaborative discussions on a range of social & academic topics.

Engage in conversational exchanges and express ideas on familiar current events and academic topics by asking and answering yes-no questions and wh- questions and responding using phrases and short sentences.

Contribute to class, group, and partner discussions, sustaining conversations on a variety of age and grade-appropriate academic topics by following turn-taking rules, asking and answering relevant, on-topic questions, affirming others, providing additional, relevant information, and paraphrasing key ideas.

Contribute to class, group, and partner discussions, sustaining conversations on a variety of age and grade-appropriate academic topics by following turn-taking rules, asking and answering relevant, on-topic questions, affirming others, and providing coherent and well-articulated comments and additional information.

Condensing ideas within sentences using a variety of language resources.

Condense ideas in simple ways (e.g., by compounding verbs, adding prepositional phrases, or through simple embedded clauses or other ways of condensing as in, This is a story about a girl. The girl changed the world. ? This is a story about a girl who changed the world) to create precise and detailed sentences.

Condense ideas in an increasing variety of ways (e.g., through various types of embedded clauses and other ways of condensing, as in, Organic vegetables are food. They're made without chemical fertilizers. They're made without chemical insecticides. ? Organic vegetables are foods that are made without chemical fertilizers or insecticides) to create precise and detailed sentences.

Condense ideas in a variety of ways (e.g., through various types of embedded clauses, ways of condensing, and nominalization as in, They destroyed the rain forest. Lots of animals died. ? The destruction of the rain forest led to the death of many animals) to create precise and detailed sentences.

Connecting ideas within sentences by combining clauses.

Combine clauses in a few basic ways to make connections between and join ideas (e.g., creating compound sentences using and, but, so; creating complex sentences using because).

Combine clauses in an increasing variety of ways (e.g., creating compound and complex sentences) to make connections between and join ideas, for example, to express a reason (e.g., He stayed at home on Sunday to study for Monday's exam) or to make a concession (e.g., She studied all night even though she wasn't feeling well).

Combine clauses in a wide variety of ways (e.g., creating compound and complex sentences, and compound-complex sentences) to make connections between and join ideas, for example, to show the relationship between multiple events or ideas (e.g., After eating lunch, the students worked in groups while their teacher walked around the room) or to evaluate an argument (e.g., The author claims X, although there is a lack of evidence to support this claim).

Modifying to add details to provide more information and create precision.

Expand sentences with simple adverbials (e.g., adverbs, adverb phrases, prepositional phrases) to provide details (e.g., time, manner, place, cause) about a familiar activity or process.

Expand sentences with adverbials (e.g., adverbs, adverb phrases, prepositional phrases) to provide details (e.g., time, manner, place, cause) about a familiar or new activity or process.

Expand sentences with increasingly complex adverbials (e.g., adverbs, adverb phrases and clauses, prepositional phrases) to provide details (e.g., time, manner, place, cause) about a variety of familiar and new activities and processes.

Using nouns and noun phrases to expand ideas and provide more detail.

Expand noun phrases in basic ways (e.g., adding a sensory adjective to a noun) in order to enrich the meaning of sentences and add details about ideas, people, things, and so on.

Expand noun phrases in a growing number of ways (e.g., adding prepositional or adjective phrases) in order to enrich the meaning of sentences and add details about ideas, people, things, and so on.

Expand noun phrases in an increasing variety of ways (e.g., embedding relative or complement clauses) in order to enrich the meaning of sentences and add details about ideas, people, things, and so on.

Using verbs and verb phrases to create precision and clarity in different text types.

Use a variety of verbs in different tenses (e.g., past, present, future, simple, progressive) appropriate to the text type and discipline (e.g., simple past and past progressive for recounting an experience) on familiar topics.

Use a variety of verbs in different tenses (e.g., past, present, future, simple, progressive, perfect) appropriate to the task, text type, and discipline (e.g., the present perfect to describe previously made claims or conclusions) on an increasing variety of topics.

Use a variety of verbs in different tenses (e.g., past, present, future, simple, progressive, perfect) voices (active and passive), and moods (e.g., declarative, interrogative, subjunctive) appropriate to the task, text type, and discipline (e.g., the passive voice in simple past to describe the methods of a scientific experiment) on a variety of topics.